Umgca wokuVelisa izichumiso eziNyibilikayo ngaManzi

Intshayelelo yenkqubo yokubila:
I-Biogas fermentation, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-anaerobic digestion kunye ne-anaerobic fermentation, ibhekisela kwizinto eziphilayo (ezifana nomntu, imfuyo kunye nomgquba wenkukhu, indiza, ukhula, njl. ekugqibeleni Inkqubo yokwenza umxube onokutsha weegesi ezifana ne-methane kunye ne-carbon dioxide.Inkqubo ye-biogas fermentation isekelwe kumgaqo we-biogas fermentation, ngenjongo yokuvelisa amandla, kwaye ekugqibeleni iqonde ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-biogas, i-biogas slurry kunye nentsalela ye-biogas.

I-Biogas fermentation yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ye-biochemical enezi mpawu zilandelayo:
(1) Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-microorganisms ezibandakanyekayo kwi-reaction fermentation, kwaye akukho mzekelo wokusebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa ukuvelisa i-biogas, kwaye i-inoculum iyadingeka ukuvutshelwa ngexesha lokuvelisa kunye nokuvavanya.
(2) Izinto ezisetyenziswayo xa kubiliswa zintsonkothile yaye zivela kwiindawo ezininzi.Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo okanye imixube ingasetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli ekrwada yokubiliswa, kwaye imveliso yokugqibela yibiogas.Ukongeza, i-biogas fermentation inokunyanga amanzi amdaka endalo kunye noxinaniso lobunzima lweCOD oludlula i-50,000 mg/L kunye nenkunkuma ephilayo enomxholo ophezulu oqinileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla e-biogas microorganisms kuphantsi.Phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, amandla afunekayo kwi-anaerobic digestion kuphela i-akhawunti ye-1/30 ~ 1/20 yokubola kwe-aerobic.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezixhobo zokuvutshelwa kwe-biogas, ezahlukileyo kwisakhiwo kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, kodwa zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zinokuvelisa i-biogas nje ukuba uyilo lufanelekile.
I-Biogas fermentation ibhekisa kwinkqubo apho inkunkuma eyahlukeneyo eyomeleleyo yendalo ivundiswa yi-biogas microorganisms ukuvelisa i-biogas.Ngokuqhelekileyo inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amathathu:
Inqanaba lokunyibilikisa
Kuba izinto ezahlukeneyo eziqinileyo zendalo zihlala zingenako ukungena kwiimicroorganisms kwaye zisetyenziswe zizinto ezincinci, into eqinileyo yeorganic kufuneka ifakwe ngehydrolyzed ibe yiSoluble monosaccharides, amino acids, glycerol, kunye nefatty acids ezinobunzima obuncinci bemolekyuli.Ezi zinto zinyibilikayo ezinobunzima obuncinci bemolekyuli zinokungena kwiiseli zemicrobial kwaye zibole ngakumbi kwaye zisetyenziswe.
Inqanaba le-Acidogenic
Izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinyibilikayo (i-monosaccharides, i-amino acids, i-fatty acids) ziyaqhubeka nokubola kwaye ziguquke zibe zizinto eziphantsi ze-molekyuli phantsi kwesenzo se-cellulosic bacteria, i-protein bacteria, i-lipobacteria, kunye ne-pectin ibhaktheriya ye-intracellular enzymes, njenge-butyric acid, i-propionic acid, i-acetic acid, kunye ne-alcohols, i-ketones, i-aldehydes kunye nezinye izinto ezilula eziphilayo;kwangaxeshanye, ezinye izinto ezingaphiliyo ezifana ne-hydrogen, i-carbon dioxide kunye ne-ammonia ziyakhululwa.Kodwa kweli nqanaba, imveliso ephambili i-acetic acid, ibalwa ngaphezu kwe-70%, ngoko ibizwa ngokuba yinqanaba lokuvelisa i-asidi.Iintsholongwane ezithatha inxaxheba kwesi sigaba zibizwa ngokuba zii-acidogens.
Inqanaba leMethanogenic
Iibhaktheriya zeMethanogenic zibola izinto ezilula zezinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-acetic acid ebolileyo kwinqanaba lesibini kwi-methane kunye ne-carbon dioxide, kunye ne-carbon dioxide iyancitshiswa ibe yi-methane phantsi kwesenzo se-hydrogen.Eli nqanaba libizwa ngokuba linqanaba lokuvelisa igesi, okanye inqanaba le-metanogenic.
Iibhaktheriya zeMethanogenic zifuna ukuhlala kwindawo enesakhono sokunciphisa i-oxidation engaphantsi kwe-330mV, kwaye ukubiliswa kwe-biogas kufuna indawo engqongqo ye-anaerobic.
Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba ukusuka ekuboleni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zendalo ezintsonkothileyo ukuya kwisizukulwana sokugqibela se-biogas, kukho amaqela amahlanu amakhulu ebhaktiriya abandakanyekayo, eziziibhaktiriya ezivundisayo, iibhaktiriya ezivelisa i-acetogenic, i-hydrogen-consuming acetogenic bacteria, i-hydrogen-eating. i-methanogens kunye neebhaktheriya ezivelisa i-acetic acid.IiMethanogens.Amaqela amahlanu ebhaktiriya enza ikhonkco lokutya.Ngokomahluko we-metabolites yabo, amaqela amathathu okuqala ebhaktheriya agqibezela inkqubo ye-hydrolysis kunye ne-acidification kunye, kwaye amaqela amabini okugqibela ebhaktheriya agqiba inkqubo yokuvelisa i-methane.
iibhaktheriya ezivuthayo
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo ezingasetyenziselwa ukuvutshelwa kwe-biogas, njengomgquba wemfuyo, i-straw yezityalo, ukutya kunye nenkunkuma yokucoca utywala, njl. njl.), iklasi ye-lipids kunye neprotheni.Uninzi lwezi zinto zintsonkothileyo ze-organic azinyibiliki emanzini kwaye kufuneka ziqale ziboliswe zibe yiswekile enyibilikayo, ii-amino acids kunye ne-fatty acids ngee-enzymes ezingaphandle kwe-extracellular ezikhutshelwa ziibhaktheriya ezivundileyo phambi kokuba zifunxwe kwaye zisetyenziswe ziintsholongwane.Emva kokuba iibhaktheriya ezivundileyo zifunxe ezi zinto zikhankanywe ngasentla ezinyibilikayo kwiiseli, ziguqulwa zibe yi-acetic acid, ipropionic acid, i-asidi ye-butyric kunye ne-alcohols ngokuvundiswa, kwaye umlinganiselo othile we-hydrogen kunye ne-carbon dioxide iveliswa ngaxeshanye.Isixa esipheleleyo se-acetic acid, i-propionic acid kunye ne-butyric acid kwi-broth fermentation ngexesha le-biogas fermentation ibizwa ngokuba yi-total volatile acid (TVA).Ngaphantsi kwemeko ye-fermentation eqhelekileyo, i-acetic acid iyona asidi ephambili kwi-asidi epheleleyo.Xa izinto zeprotheyini zichithwa, ngaphezu kweemveliso, kuya kubakho i-ammonia hydrogen sulfide.Zininzi iindidi zeebhaktheriya ezivundileyo ezibandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokuvundisa kwe-hydrolytic, kwaye kukho amakhulu eentlobo ezaziwayo, eziquka iClostridium, iBacteroides, ibhaktiriya yeButyric acid, ibhaktiriya yeLactic acid, iBifidobacteria kunye neSpiral bacteria.Uninzi lwezi bhaktiriya zi-anaerobes, kodwa kunye ne-facultative anaerobes.[1]
IiMethanogens
Ngexesha lokubiliswa kwe-biogas, ukwakheka kwemethane kubangelwa liqela lebhaktiriya ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba ziimethanogens.I-Methanogens ibandakanya i-hydromethanotrophs kunye ne-acetomethanotrophs, amalungu eqela lokugqibela kwikhonkco lokutya ngexesha lokugaya i-anaerobic.Nangona zineentlobo ngeentlobo zeefom, isimo sabo kwikhonkco lokutya sibenza babe neempawu ezifanayo ze-physiological.Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic, ziguqula iimveliso zokugqibela zamaqela amathathu okuqala e-bacterial metabolism kwiimveliso zegesi i-methane kunye ne-carbon dioxide ngokungabikho kwabamkeli be-hydrogen bangaphandle, ukwenzela ukuba ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo phantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic kunokugqitywa ngempumelelo.

Ukukhetha inkqubo yesisombululo sesondlo sezityalo:
Ukuveliswa kwesisombululo sezondlo zezityalo kuhlose ukusebenzisa amacandelo anenzuzo kwi-biogas slurry kunye nokongeza izinto ezaneleyo zamaminerali ukwenza umkhiqizo ogqityiweyo ube neempawu ezingcono.
Njengomcimbi wendalo we-macromolecular, i-humic acid inomsebenzi olungileyo we-physiological kunye nemisebenzi yokufunxa, ukuntsonkotha kunye nokutshintshiselana.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-asidi ye-humic kunye ne-biogas slurry kunyango lwe-chelation kunokonyusa uzinzo lwe-biogas slurry, ukongeza i-trace element chelation inokwenza izityalo zifunxe ngcono izinto zokulandela umkhondo.

Ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo ye-Humic acid chelation:
I-Chelation ibhekisela ekuphenduleni kweekhemikhali apho i-ion zetsimbi zidibaniswe ne-athomu ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zokulungelelanisa (ezingeyiyo isinyithi) kwi-molecule efanayo ngamabhondi okulungelelanisa ukwenza isakhiwo se-heterocyclic (i-chelate ring) equkethe i-ion zetsimbi.uhlobo lwesiphumo.Iyafana nefuthe le-chelation yeziphopho zoononkala, kungoko igama.Ukuqulunqwa kwendandatho ye-chelate kwenza ukuba i-chelate izinze ngakumbi kune-non-chelate eyinkimbinkimbi kunye nokubunjwa okufanayo kunye nesakhiwo.Esi siphumo sokunyuka kozinzo okubangelwa yi-chelation kuthiwa yi-chelation effect.
Ukusabela kweekhemikhali apho iqela elisebenzayo lemolekyuli enye okanye iamolekyu ezimbini kunye ne-ion yensimbi yenza isakhiwo sendandatho ngokusebenzisa ukulungelelaniswa kubizwa ngokuba yi-chelation, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-chelation okanye i-cyclization.Phakathi kwe-iron inorganic efakwe ngumzimba womntu, kuphela i-2-10% efunyenwe ngokwenene.Xa iiminerali ziguqulwa zibe ziifom ezigaywayo, i-amino acids idla ngokudityaniswa ukuze yenze "i-chelate" ikhompawundi.Okokuqala, i-Chelation ithetha ukusetyenzwa kwezinto ezimbiwa kwiifom ezigaywayo.Iimveliso zamaminerali eziqhelekileyo, ezifana nesidlo samathambo, i-dolomite, njl., azizange zibe "chelated".Ngoko ke, kwinkqubo yokugaya, kufuneka kuqala ifumane unyango "lwe-chelation".Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yendalo yokwenza iiminerali zibe yikhompawundi ze-“chelate” (chelate) kwimizimba yabantu abaninzi ayisebenzi kakuhle.Ngenxa yoko, izongezo zamaminerali ziphantse zingabi namsebenzi.Ngokusuka koku siyazi ukuba izinto ezifakwe ngumzimba womntu azikwazi ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo imiphumo yazo.Uninzi lomzimba womntu alukwazi ukwetyisa nokufunxa ngokufanelekileyo ukutya.Phakathi kwe-iron inorganic ebandakanyekayo, kuphela i-2% -10% igaywe ngokwenene, kwaye i-50% iya kukhutshwa, ngoko umzimba womntu sele sele "chelated" isinyithi.“Ukwetyisa kunye nokufunxwa kweeminerali ezicociweyo kumaxesha angama-3-10 aphezulu kunalawo angaphathwanga.Nokuba uchitha imali encinci, ifanelekile.
Izichumisi ezisetyenziswa ngoku eziqhelekileyo nezisetyenziswayo ziqhele ukufunxwa kwaye zisetyenziswe zizityalo ngenxa yokuba i-inorganic trace elements ilungiswa lula ngumhlaba osemhlabeni.Ngokubanzi, ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinto zokulandelela i-chelated emhlabeni kuphezulu kunoko kwe-inorganic trace elements.Ixabiso le-chelated trace element likwaphezulu kunelo lezichumisi ze-inorganic trace element.